Keywords: signaling, receptors, pathways, transduction, cascades, kinases, phosphatases, second messengers, ions, channels, proteins, interactions, regulation, homeostasis, feedback, amplification, integration, microenvironment, cytoskeleton, membrane, cyt

Cellular Mechanisms At the core of biological response lie extraordinarily intricate cellular processes. These are governed by a web of communication pathways, initiating with receptors on the exterior. Upon activation, these detectors initiate modification cascades, often involving kinases and phosphatases, which modify proteins. intermediate mol

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